isyoTe3. : cBSG5c : list •
KKULTAA Subxsro.jeot . . ■
* v . .
At
Date of Crigioal FariM, -Sims Erten&ed AD,otefcut ketam% of
A44it.ioaal Ferioa Tf©a Bsten4e4 \AMovQeat ... Asogat of —
Agttogis^'tloB^ • Coy? red r xo ~ ~ : : ’ : ^ iJJus£b«r: Obligation " ^
RESEARCH GRANT
September 1, 19
ACCOUNTING
$ 502.00
700.00:
165.50
616.40
860.00
7 156.10
Total Trans portation
Internal Transportation
Depreciation on car
Pe t rol, i ns uranc e, etc .
Plane zanditrain
$-3,000700
350,00:
650.00
500.00
Total In t erhal Trans po r t a t ion
1,500,00
Assis tents and Clerical Help
Tsecretary (4 months)
3 assistants
1 inter prete r-g uide
interviewers, assistants
in villages^ “gifts
160.00
300.00
250.00
300.00
Total Assistants and Clerical Help 1,010.00
1 secretary
3 clerical assistants 500.00
interviewers ( approx. 100) 1.000.00
Total Assistants and Clerical Help 1,500.00
5i
0
Incidentals
Materials^
Postage
Shipping (materials)
Hisc elianedus i
Tot al Incidentals
Living Expenses (12 months)
IEM Computer Charges
TOTAL EXPENDITURES
l%3-
$ 600.00
150.00
150.00
90.00
$ 990.00
107000700
2.000.00
fSMQmiQXM rOBi Clffi&F, F1KA8C8 DITISIOtf
VIA t f6D/^u3^et Officer
SUBJECT t WKULTM, Subproject 123, Invoice Xo« I
AUstaettt 1125-1009-190 2
1* Invoice So® I Is attached covering the ab ove eubprojoc
Feysseat ehectld la Bade as follow t i
C&ahier’e eheeic in the aavount of $20
2* Q» checls should be f o rvfgjfdei to Chief
Branch, throu gh TSD /Budgct Officer, bo later than Tuesday,
11 October I960,
3* Shie i# a final Invoice, However, since It la antici pated
that additional foods vill be obligated for this project, Jhe^iles
ahoulA not be closed.
Attached i :
Invoice & Certifications
Drlftributioni
Orig & 2 • Addressee
P '1 - tsd/fass
T8D/Ra search Branch
> Cftf;?? THAT E. N-SS ATS AVA!U5U; -29 l S 9 £ 60
- OJueAJictusr^d •*«
CHa?v< "C ---
_ A-'nCXC'N^
R FC El
W?r.v"2.
• i CF &•?*£
CONFIDENT I AL FUNDS POSTING VOUCHER
moicg
For Service*
crnmcmm nrz:\
(1) It 1* hereby certified that this I* Invoice No* 1 applying to Sub-
project jfo. 123 of ►KULTRA, that perforoance is satisfactory, that
services are being accomplished, in accordance with emtual agreements,
that a detailed ag enda of the pa yments ar4 receipts la on file in TSD/
SS # that this till la Juab and correct and that payment th er eof toe
not yet been made. ' ~ u :
Batet
eujg— n— — iwrw »*wiM - .i: i_: iz_
(2) It is hereby certified that this Invoice applies to Subproj ect
Ho» 123 of JCOLfLffRA. vhich vaa duly approved, end that the project ie
being carried out in accordance with the Deoorandua of 13 April 1953
frca the DC! to the DD/a» end the extension of this authority ihsub-
Dlrecto
DRAFT
MEMORANDUM FOR: TSS RECORD
SUBJECT ; MKULTRA, Subproject P3
1. The purpose of Suhpr.Qjeqt .P3 is to provide funds for
an Investimtion of Eojergin^jBBSt®^ 63, ^ research will he
* jtv
conducted hy social psychologist,
The a>. w pro posS" ha'^heen reviewed favorab ly hy
Director and the Prog raa Director of t h
/'
J
stages of
T his stud y is expected to add to our knowledge of how
.different cultural strata are reacting to various
, During these periods of social upheaval
sand Dr
f
/ *
For a long mother of y ear* I bay had a burning de alro to laara aero dbotafe
gh atody and trarelt I would like aow to eouplo thi* daiira with
rosenroh which would extend, I hop*, far beyoadaay personal desire, and periapt
indeed sake * contribution to the ft aid of international relations and the eating
of group teationt.
J
As aa American Segro. li ving la tho United State a. I Kara expe rienced oa a
pertcnal lrrol mny of tho Tagarleo of litor^thnlo |ro^ ralatlojM, ii^lo^liTtag
la tho Hid we at and laat. and working and travel ing l a th o South and West. With
prcfetalonal training i a Social Ptybhblogy , I hif# boon exposed to theunderlyiog
i
theoretical construct* and Vi^ador^L iplldatlbPirbf thoio d lforao relationship*.
1 bcllcre thi* back ground of pcr*oh*l laT olfo aont and pro fo*tloaal training hart
qualified so for tho took I set. — '
Ono of tho outatandlu g oharaoteriitlc* of tthalo g roup intera ction It that
lata root ion It often bated jup da g enerall tcd edacopti or poroolTcd imago* • The**
laagts inoludo perception * i o f other* a a wo ir a « o f abl f o That tho no Imag es hart
or do not hare a baoio^la obj oot lt d r eali ty la of littla oonsequenoo. Tho quality
and degree of lntoraatloa la do plnddht upon thoao iaag aa, thui, aa awaroaoii of
tho io images boooacs central to any attoap t to r oduo o grouptenulona and doTQlop
harmonious group re lat Idas » ZZZ Z " "ZllT
Group iaagoa deTelop and aro maintained through the two dyaanla into rooting
foroos of tho mass media aad p ersonal experience* and eont aot*. ^aoe oatabllahod,
th««o ooaoepts are quite rail a tan t to tlao^ad orontOV W«ro partoaal oootaoti aro
of a glroa quality, hcwerer, and xfeere aoolal interaction ia ia groat flux, these
image* oan and do under g o modification .
In tho Hal tod State*, a fartile Meld of study hat boon the InTostigat ld h of
ethni* or national stereotyp e* « While th e m ajority of these studies ha a dealt with
majority group stereotype*, tom* of th^en hare dealt with minority groups. Ctoo of
thoto minority group t hat boon tho American Segro. A major finding here hat boon
that stereotype* or imagds hold by tho American logro aro highly bdsei stent with those
l^UtkUra MmSs (|) jNrt tfrai ft tfrw lmtliMi
•esttasBt !• la texatUf f
V» it sitwlaf tfrt m a t atUtmt tw attfc trtfetr It
U$#n*tlt@fci r«U%4«*4 **i ^kt f*fe»r« ojf tfe« w*rl|* ratrtl
©f other nations . . . , .Until sons headway i s wad© t International nUUrai
always he in danger of deolsloa based on (i)
Am %hU awareness ofthe importance of Images is growing* the •underdeveloped*
eooatries ©1*© ©re growing, breaking out of traditional bounds, establishing new
ti©« ©ad relatione. The course of aotlon taken by these oountriss id 11 heY© great
t*P*«t on the United State*, oa^J^pgn the world,
the quality of other oountriee relatioaahipe witJjJlMfeare
- - -
Buej
©f great ij$ortano«^g£gpi owa inage a ere central, for future action le gr eat ly
dependent upon thle eonoept of self, of people* of other nation*
ar© alao ©eatral, fhle le the purpose of *y proposal^-throug h s tud y and imre atifatioa
to gala awareness' of these eaerglng images and attitudes 4
os
V s ‘
Tho FroJaot
173 ^
Purpoaa t To laraatigate taorglag otholo Image a La the thro* oountri«s of
it related
tione ind other nations ehieh
ere exerting major influence in the*e arena, Thase thraa countries represent
dif forest phuii
tTelopaant, with oat country long baring
independence, another roosntl y harin g; g tlodd i ndependence, and the third
feting glrea independence this year# ~~ >
Method* Within each country, emerging iind^hJijtglng^ »t)mlo iatg tt or aterootypet
will bo aac attained for golf- -that i«, own group-» hera tha^^j^p|y tad
for othcra~ -other nation* of najor influence in these countries, that it,
the Uni tod Statea, and aevtral other oountrita*
fh# ■ • irage r wil 1 baexaadned lit three lerela. The f i r 1 1 two 1 ere 1# tab root
traditional techniq ue a develo p ed In the fields of Social Psychology and
fooioloiy, afeiit^bhilthirdlloSi^J^inoOodhai^ti dtTtloptd U a pioneor
ttarooty^o ttudy and furthor refined la a docto ral ttudy by the p rea e at
wrltar, and the appro a ch at utt d by the group authdri ltd byj
atudy
Tens Iona A
and i*aga~at
Interactional Under a tending* , and theflHREHHH£p??
l*o usdtr the auapicea of a|B«^
a jereia of e xamination a ro « content anaiysla, personal Interviews
ttitud# m>eaurea« :
1, Content Anaiysla* Thia larolTaa an examination of Jrtprtatntatift forma
of tht matt modi a , ipeolfi tally aewapapers afcloh began pubUcatioa recently
or tiaot independence* Thia level of aa^lyeia ahould reveal image a an d
attitudee held ' tyJ ^^jgpH pr themselves and peoples of other nations, at
presented in the mats media, Ll__ I
1, For aonal Intervl aw a * These vi 1 1 bo Ilate rri awa ocaduo tod by the
writer with Tarlou a leader# In repre sentat ire poaitloaa ia thaae ©oaatriaa.
fhiaJloTti of iaToatigatioa should roTtal images and attitudaa bald by
will bo ahafing tho doatittiai of tht at
nations and their
/: x^- *7
relationship* with other nations of the world#
I ~ ^ (%*ok,ddit«Attitud* <hi*etloanalr* i» Thl a phai* will feaol^fe* m
extenaity type check list and a aeries of attitudinal itateaaata, administered
u
to reproaeotatlTf eaaglf! of poppl e t r<m a else ted group** . — /
A* The t — f check -Hat. thla Toneiat* of a aerie# of group oharaoter
traitaT»?pro»^^«lyiWrwith an extensity aeal* which pernita reapondca ta
to determine the ext eat to iMeh * particular ohara oterlatlo i« poaaeaaed b y
raricu# grou p! , ISolfldl ng t heir own gro up* Such trait* as ■intelligent 8 ,
*baokward\ , herdw orkjj|^ , Jprogro8 «iy^;afld •pe ace-loTing*. eaa be aialgned
ufMpw'- th «
the "American Kegro, andao on,
5* fh* Attltudol questionnai re * ThU oonaiata of a lorlsa of3tat*»shti —
£ft~^Vr'iou« aatioa V wUe^T nation* Bigh t tak e* (An examples 1* Aa i
li received that a ooaatr y ha a begun larg o Malt die armament,
fetch «ou atgy y?uId Jhi! bo it likely bet •••Least likely bet, fhe Halted
Sutot JB HMbMM I *• k hoipital ia b«iad built la your olty
( town ) » Modi cal a pao 1 all at a ( Doot o ra, Su rg eo na, et c.) aro aaodod^^Rrom
wivich country would you want the* to come? The United States, to « )
Both the oheok liat aad^hellQ ueatl oaxi alre will yi eld an obj ective measure
of ©wa*oiher imag e a a well as a measurement of attitude toward own cation aid other
nation*, aa held by larg e nu nbora of people* froa r»riou* walk# of life,
** / ~
Procedure i Preliminary contacts will be «aUbli*:ed prior to going to ^pf^ /
These coaUcta irtlll'bOitnChi gh^dffibl^ Aetel ai d with persons affiliated
with various orgaidiation * (colleges, ehvriohsB, e to,) who nay pro ride
guidance oa the actual research. (Initiation of these contacts has already been
undertaken)*
fell* approximately four aiontha will be spent in each country , the f irit
atep will "be to vi«it each country for a period of ti»e to oonfina contacta,
initiate assistant aelebtiba, conduct pretesting ,and in general lay the
groundwork f ©T the iareatigatioa proper.
tte atudy, as outlined, call a for three level a of operation— content
analytli* peraonal interrier, and iffiage-attitude measurement, Wiile the belief
la that each operation will toatrlbuto to the overall image perception, greatest
6
12%' 9
research cwpha »1 s is pi tee d oo the third went loned operation, thi lu|i*
attitude measurement. !
There is a realistic awareness ©f the scope and magnitude of the proposed
study, rad the possibility that perhaps the investigator is being overly
optimistic la expecting to encompass these three ope rations in the alio ted
tiM. Thia may be. Onoe in the field, a more objective appraisa l ©an be
aede* la the field, if revi lions are neoeeaary, la the design, the content
analysis phase ©aa he eliminated o r a t lea st a l tere d# (One possibility
would be to seleot rep resentative news pa pers t subscr ibe to then and have thea
• eat to t he United States where analysis could be made at a 1 ator date, )
The specifioprooedure for each level of investigation follow* t
Content Analysis * ih ^|pi|plifr .heT<e is only one daily newspaper and two
- - - -
weeklies, InSBBsthere are a total of six daily news papers: with a total
circulation of about 110,000, and fire weeklies, while^i
ere are
ji ght dal lies in the Western^ Reg ion and three in the other two re gl ©nsi
A time p eriod for saxgline^df issues wi l l be a>t for one year, fro* June
1, I960 to June r ri96 1T(teatatlTely) . In eaoh country, sampling will cover
each major newspaper, for selected days, weeks, etc* Issues of the newspapers
will be selected on a rotating basis so there will be an overall representatidh
'of eaeh day of the week, in the total sample, (approximately 144 per country),
’ From the selected issues, the specific oontent will; be dram from page pleoeriect
(front page stories), s4itbrials, feature writers, and feature stories. (Selection
of content will be finally date mined after preliminary sampling, coding and
analysis).
The following dimensions will be examined, and analysed, Frequenoy ~how
often eaoh of the ^ountrlaa under investig ation is m entioned (The Oil.
tub Jest - -what the story or itch is abopt, Position— whe t her the eountry is
presented in a »jor or alaor role, ^ Cfaaraaterittles”trait s attributed to eao h
country (the~uirt-ofJmeneureihent-will7bV~-a combination of words and theaes--
8i»ple sentences). The theme* will be coded under the larger oategoriee
of International Relation* end Tension*, Derelepaent, Human Relations, and
Western! lation. Direct Ion - -whether the tone and overall perception is favorable
or unfavorable a
Cognisance it taken of the fact that these nswspspsre ar e wrltten ia
English, have limited eeHatnly not representative circulation, and would
reach only: the literate people in the country. The attitudes and laa g ee
presented In the if pepere c ould not be tak en to re present the attitudes and
images of the Basses of peop le. They tr ill represent the attitudes and Ir^os
of those pdo ple wh o h elp giold the p ublic opinions f and outlooks, an d those of the
literate people. The writers, the newspa pers, and the readers are the— ~
i
Influ encerazof o pinions. Thus , though they may represent only a snail segment
of the total po pulation , they represent a powerful segccnt pf that population.
The investigator will seleot three assistants to make the tabu 1st ions.
Part of the training of the assistants includes reliability checks between the
individual 1 ooders end internal oonsietenoy for each ooder.
Analysis will be in terns of the dimensions of frequency, subject, position
oharaoterlslttbe. a nd dlreotlon, within each o f the three countries and among
the three countries, and for the various countries mentioned.
PrccSdura-Personal Interrlewi These will be sewi^ structured interviews
oonduoted by the investigator with va rio us leaders in eaoh count ry> This will
not be a "rep resenta tive 11 sample as such, but rather an atteapt to talk with
and gat i Egressions of leaders, near leaders, and influential people. As
conceived, the total number of interviews will be mall, confined only to these
few leederirrrr^“:T—:::“T— 7777 ::
The exact nature of the interview, whether structured or unstructured,
formal or inforMl, will depend on the inclination of the respondent.
A pris* minister of a country or hi 8 administrators will undoubtedly dictate
the nature of the imterriew. Reg ardless cf the s psoiflo nethed of the
interriew, the nature of the <juestlon8 and content structure 'rill be the aaae
for eaoh indiriduel. The general theses are tha fare as those drrtloped for
the i»age -attitude checklist, that it, the theses of International Relations
end Tensions , Human Rights, he stem! sat ion, and Development in "Underdeveloped*
countries.
The analysis of these interviews mill be a for* of content analysis with
a fo rail at ion of overall theses, perception of own and other countries, and
perception of world Issues. These perceptions ril l he qualitatively ooepared
and contrasted within each countr y and aorosa each country.
Again,' the res ponses to these interviews will ' not be representative of the
larger gasses of people, but trill he a reflection o f the attitudes add images
of those people who are actually setting the policy now, and those who nay veil
determine polioKi and directions in the future ,
Procedure«Ismge Attitude Cheek Li at— Th e check list will he administered in I
groups wher a pcs a ible. tTery fourth respond ant, rather than react ing to the
check list, will respond to o pen end questions. These open end qu es tions lrlll
take the form of, "describe (Cheraoteriis) the and so on, for the
take the form of, Describe ( Cha racter! it? the said so on, for the
■sms countries which are reacted to on the check list. This provides a
o caparison between structured and unrtruoturad reactions.
Stapling will be dons on a stratified and cluster basis, drawn from three
populations «from of gahiTad groups, unorganised urban population, end rural
population.
The org anised population will be gads up of the major organisations— education
(eolleges) , religion (chur ch es), la bor, and govcrmsnt. Approximately EbO
subjeets will be drawn fro* sash of these four groups. ( Variable depending on
conditions.)
For the other two populations, unorganized urban and rural 71 a fern of
cluster sampling -will be used, made up of census tracts if available, or tax
rolls, or city block designations, or for A^vUHges^ *Cro'p.-
type Village" designations. There trill undoubtedly be greeter difficulty in
securing the general urban end rural samples, from at least ._thrt.e_ilttlidp.Vi.fitf t — ^
These people will hot belong to orgaMied groups aac thus the adadrJstratioii
of the check list will undoubtedly entail inaivl duelrf ace to face cortect.
Also, tbi s unorgani 1 ed urban group , and oerttinl y the rural group, will be
less literate than the cre mlted g rou p s . In add ition to the use of an
interpreter, either parallel rephrasing of the check -list quest lens, or total
reliance on open end questions wi ll he necessary . Die open end questions *Oi.ld
take the form of- ^describe", or »characterite?, orr^hho ere you, wio are Z-
and so on, thus covering the same Baterialien u ert.as , being less
structured, but also being directly comparable to the every fourth respondent
in the organiiedgroups#
Ana ly s la :
I, The Ima ge Check LI at
1 ^ T he total percentages (weighted averages) assigned to each trait
yields theextenaity score— the degree to which, a jarticular^trait is. attributed
to a given ‘countly. ’TKe^extensity score then enables 9 direct corn- par » son b et wee
trait assignments for each country, and by the various respondents ^classificati
bre.^k* of college groups, labor, urban, rural, etc.). Tests of significance ere
teats of proportional differences,
2, fhe ratio between the frequency of assignments of "nigh percentages
to soolsllydesirabir traits, and low percentages to socially undesirable traits
(chi square: statistic), yields a directional score— the overall: tone of the im ag
Whetbai* it i a favora ble or unfavorably— f or eac h' country and within each
classification break. I
II. The Attitude Questionnaire
1 • There vi 11 be a t least five count r i a s rated on a given numire r of
st Attwents . . A tottl score will be derived for each country, thus ennb ling a
raxJc order. comparison among the five countries, according to the cross classi-
fications data, and according to the four general areas (international Eolations
Huasn Relations, Development, bssterni cation)
2. fhoae additional statamehts which are responded to by an agree -
disagree scale, yield a total sunmAted score, with a high score being most
favorable and a lowttcore least favorable. Again, direct comparisons are possit
for respondents in the different classifications eategortesr and between the
■three countries, aid within the four areas (human Ralaticns, etc.).
fh# investigation of merging and changing ethnic Images at the levels
set forth— from the printed page, fro* leaders and Influential peopler*®* I
the people themselves, end irithla countries with Tarylag degress of independence
and world relations, should reveal i**g«* sed attitudes, with great scope and
depth* J
Budget i The bud get for the project is baaed on & resear ch plan vhloh oorers
One full yea:
three countries «
In
►with approximately four months In e soh of the
ft an* p ortat 1 on
8upplles^(MaterUls , etc . )
Internal f rarelZ(Wl thin each country
end to Tarioui^buntries)
Assistance (|1000 for each country)
Secretarial Belp^
Li ring Expenses
Frep . of Materials for Publication
torn
11100
BOO
SOOOT
2000
sooo:
2000
mim
For the lift of words bclow a place' a n I In the ftppi^axi^^oolui
the to indicate "ihit amount (percent) of the group
The percentages and their interpretations are as follows* :
lOOfC 111 60^ Most 6<# Xany 4<# Soso 2<$ Few ; 0<# Nona
Please place an X in the appropriate column for each word.
column for each word
jboassss this trait."
21* aggressive
23 < artistic
24 * Backward
25. childish
23. coward
27* cruel
28. deceit Ail
. ,100 80 .60 4oj20j00j ,
20 1 00
1 100 (80 16 O [40 120100
56 t Bate
eace lovin
40. solsntifie^
100 80
41* treacherous
42. trastwort
45* unreliable
50* faithful
d
55. lasy
20 00
100 80
0120100
48 . _ superstitious
47. suspicious
49. war like
60. physically
ous
25. artistio
24.. backward
25* childish
27* cruel
23* deceit Ail
SO. faithful
51. honest
ms
57. bus leal
58 . nationalistic
41. troaoherous
4 2* trust wor
43. unreliable
44*jre
45. sly
46. superstitious
47. suspicious
487 primitive
49. war like
4
©T
f O
Below is a list of statements— things that hagebeen said.that
hays happened , something you might h|T#. r8ftdi - Fop each statement , ■
indicate which country would be m ost ; 1 Uel^E^do ' or tay ; this . '(give ....
this Afiwvfcry t.ha rnimhar l ) * Then indicate which country would be least
likely to do this » (Give this country numbe r 5 ) • Rate the other
countries with the remaining numbe. j 2 through 4,
EXAMPLE: A statement. »....*•* •
This would mean
then the United Stat'
0^gggP9gf^ T
1» A spokesman for a country . state sjthat the _fjSSBgfi.s not ready to take oare
of himself. (Which country would this mostlCcely be? Least likely be?)^
ri
4
©
U
m
©
»
©
^ © © >?
S aJ ® *rL
W *rt u
ft » © us g
o © © © o
2* An announcement is received that a country ha 3 begun large scale disarmament*
(Which country would this most likely b e t Leas t like ly be?)
8* The statement is made that asjMBHpBpuntriea become independent, they
should be made up of loose lyj& f p3Frsed territories rather thaaibfJjLASM^^
central government.
*
4. A country offers aid to the
there are no strings attache 1
of government) •
untries and you can be rather surer
1 i gat i on s to copy that countries fora
5. The statement is made that since wars must be, a country should be kept as
militarily strong as possible •
6. The leaders of this country are sonong thuimost outstanding inTtherworldirrrrrr
7. The suggestion is made that the United Nations has grown too strong and should
have some of its powers taken awayirz
8. In this country the wishes o f t he peo ple are best repre sented. .
9. If they had their way, they would like to gain (or keao) control of your
country.
10. You hear what the
eds is strong central government*
-X
11* Acceptance of aid from this country will probably be followed by attempts
to have you accept its fora of government. v ~
12 , There is an international dispute* One country threatens war. f
!'
!
15* This country undoubtedly has the best form of government today. r ]
I:
14* The statement reads, a new government can function best where there is an j; X
opposition party* b
15* Is doing the most to aid and assist in the emergence said development of ;;
new nations. jj
16, The statement is made, “The United Nations is run primarily for the benefit
and advantage of the White man," j
17* This country has done the most to advance world peace. —
18. Here the power of the govern men t la plaoed he fore - the wishes of the people.
19. You read that a eountryjias statsd, "Since the possibilities of wars can
be eliminated around the conference table, nations dealt used strong ar mie s,
20. fhe statement is made, almost dictatorial powers on the part of the
government are necessary and desirable when acountry is just developing.
21. An off;
states, "Without the guiding hand of th^HHpPplor some white
ld.ll ‘slowly slip back to where it was a hundred years ago."
soon take their places as world leaders, j
25. On visiting this country, you find there are plades you cannot sit and: eat:
because your skin is dark. jt : r 'j
24. Inherently, thei
25. It is said.
and thei
re equal.
re now illiterate because they are intellectuall y i nferior 1
26. The statement is madethat racial se gre gation should be totallydoce away with.
27. You read the *
government.
fcm an is in capab le of rul ing h imse lf and, conducting good
28(flSSS0tt in general are a happ y people and ere-geite-een teat even: with
fifependence will do little to change their social and economical posi
independence will do little to chan ge their social and e conomical position in
the world.
29. A read is to be built. You are told thh ^fi§&sha>uld provide only the
manual work (digging and so on ), not the skTiTed part.
50. TShile the^SHHPphas dominated the pBnppf
real development to these countries, an^ th e a
his leadership new.
ocg time, he has brought
^should continue to accept
51. A statement is made that separation of the races should be maintained and
enforced by the government.
32. An e ditor of a newspaper s tates ,; th
the 'i8WMtlfl lBMBite l from the no
should be used to distinguish
33. Although the JMBBM Eean learn and per form h ighly sk U led j o bs , t he ac tua l
management and planning shwld bl^left up to the
34. 1 ivi n g in America has done li tt l e to gain his freedom will the
^^nShas done a great deal.
35. If the 4£|||^pM given highly technical and skilled jobs in the factory^
produotTonwill probably decrease.
56. Eecause of the treatment ofqgHHI
Christians are poor Christienl.
one would have to say that most*
37. Your country desires educational specialists to help strengthen the educational
system. They should some from. . . • .
38. The highly educated person, the
work with his hands.
who has a College degree should not
»
1 .f -
O s f OWf
- It, Is sald j would still rather depend on their
o^tfan oh
59. Most -
doctoFBthan'*oh the doctor who p ractices his western med icine »
40. A ste tiling and sig nificant soientifio discovery is made. -
41. Is reported to have the test working co nditions.
42, Religion promotes brotherly relatio nshi ps betwe en peoplB and nations.
I _ __
45. A hospital is being built in pur locality. Kedioalspecialistslare heeded.
You would want them to come from what: country?
44. Women should have the same educational opp ortu nities as men. : -
45. Ihen ah
combined with
cine as practiced by the ^g^BpPshould be
treatment to be most effective.
46. Plans are being develo ped to create modern industrial plants. Techniques
for greatest productioniare needed,
47. This country has made the gr eatest soienti fic contr ibutions to the irorld.
48. The practices of the church rep resent out g rown p rimitiv e beliefs based on
superstition and mag ic . _ i / _ —
49» You are offered a scholarshi p to study in any country y ou desire, Where
would you got
SO. This country has done the most to industrialize the world.
systems should be retained even though
5 customs and
independence is g aindd.
62. When aJ^ffiBS^nation g ains independ ence a nd freedom, the people can expect
the living cond itions to improve right away, since the government is now being
run by its own people. :" ; - — - ^ -
63. Industrialization in the western fashion is fine, but greatest em phasis __
should be given to the develop out a o f the la nd . _L_
64. Communal type livlsg build around tha*^ MHEjy_3t em is superior to the kind
of separation type living brought in by^BHHBB*
66. If a man believes he needs more than one wife, he should have more than one.
56. This country offers the best chance of leading the kind of life you would like
' to lead.
67. TheBj|SpB^an keep most of his customs end ways of life and still prove
equeitopeople in the: rest of the world . :
58 , fhie country probably has the highest standard of living.
69, The way of living in this country has the greatest influence on other nations,
60. The educated
off hi
_____ (should adopt th
wayi as quickly as poss
_ ideals ip A customs aid th
o prove he is equal to the
10 Au gust I960
memorandum for*.
SUBJECT :
THS RECORD
on the
On this date the vrifcer called Ifrfj pBk to inform bits of the fact that
ve had found out thro ug h -a name check tSTat ha bad asked for a clearance on
one tihe^Mpr indicated that they bad not ultimate ly,£on tac ted
’bra and that ve ebou i^LTee l free to pro ceed, vith our proposal. tjggpp thought
that if, along vitlmP^P^ivork could also be ctflbe look-
out for appeals that vould be ffleanfUl^othejgtoUT^thaVheyas studying,
such information vould be of interest to bin ^j^Myl M gagreed that the
proposal tried to acc ocip^l shjboo much and should' be Cut down to a more
limited area oa vhich ^
i could focus more concentrately.
’ i '
SIDNEY GOTTLIEB
TSD/Re search Branch
1
\
s granted a Covert
Approval in January- of l 959 .
(It vas approved foi^p^s use
only.)
2 DrJtfSSfos reaction was relatively noncommittal . He ^
commented’ ini tifRIhat -as -long- as it was not hi§ money he was -not
CTOino 1 to offer any critiou e. Rc note 3. names of princ ipals, gecgrap,.-
ical° areas, tentative dates for-: starting research,- etc. he .hanked
me and said that he would appreciate being kept informed periodica y
Distribution:
Orig & d\ -T£
3 Aug.
ig6o)
tsd/rb
M3 -V9
Hay 24, i960
Memorandum t
/?3 ' i-'
Por a long number of y ear s I haY« h ^ d a bur ning desire t© learn
more about jSfiMS^>hr oughts tudy and travel. X would like now to eoupl*
thi 9 desire with rejsareh whtchvculd extend, I hope, far beyond any
personal desire, and perhaps Andeedrintkfllalo^dhtribufcion to thej field,
of International relations and the easing of group rtanaions.
As an American Negro, living iri^tht United States, I have experienced
on a personal level many of the vagaries of inter-ethnic
while living In the Midwest and East, and working and traveling In th e
South and West. Withprofessional training In Social Psychology, ,T have
been exposed to th e under lylh ^th e or e t loal c on g true t s and 7b.ro.ade r
implications of these diverse relationships. I belie?# thi a background
of personal Involvement and professional training have qualified me for
$
the task I set.
One of the outstanding ehar ae ter is ties of e thni© group interaction
i* that Interaction is often based upon generalised eonceptscrperceived
images . The se Image s Include perceptions of ethers as well as of self •
That these images have or d o h ot h ave a bas is In ob j ective r e a l i ty le of —
little o on s e quenc e . — The quality and degree of 1 nte r ae t i on is d • pendent s 77
upon these images. Thus , an aw arene s s of the s e imag es be tome* central
to any attempt to raduae group tensions and develop more harmonious group
relations.
Group Images develop and are maintained throu gh the two dyhesiie
interacting force* of the mass wed 1 a and per* on al c xpsrlences and aont ae t e .
Once established, these conoepts are quite resistant to time and events.
Where pereonal contacts are of a given quality, however^ and where social
interaction is in great flux, these images ean and do under go modification.
In the Chi tel States, a fertile field^bf study has been the
investigation of ethnic or national stereotypes. Vbilo the majority of _
2
these studies has dealt with majority group stereotypes, some of them
have dealt with minority group*. Cne of these minority group* hs* bees
the American Negro. A major finding here has been that stereotype* or
images held by the American Negr o are highly c o nsi stent with those held
by the majority group (the American White)., including those stereotype*
of his own group, ; the American Neg ro. The America n Negro thus ha*
incorporated and accepted images of his cvn group, including negative
ones, which hare been prescribed by the fa jorlty grcup. Underlying
this acceptance is the learned concept o f inferiority and the subsequent
development of self-hate . ^ j
As the role of the Negro in the United States has changed and
continues to change, as the opportunity for equal status social interaction
expand*, the Negro#'* selflimage Is undergoing change, This change in
" NiN
self Image Is slow but persistent and reflects the ehsnges and progress
in ethnic group relations in the United States.
. v Where social change is dramstic, the unveiling images should also
be dramatic. Where after g enerati on s of d e pendene y, nations emerge
Independent, the emerging s e If - other im ag es m u s t b e dr am at! t and dynamic 7
S**h I s
Without attehtinf^to the historical and social psycholdgicar tier
tween the. Negro of America and the Negro of4^jS@£ many parallels can
be drawn, especiall y In th e at temptT^T both groups to rise frew submission
and servitude to positions of Equality among men end nations. As with —
*
the American y egro. thejjMHHFal s o has incorporated, In the past,
negative self image*. "White domination has undoubtedly had a tr sum ati*
effect upon the personality of the .. .To the
civilisation 1* not alone a dlff eren^eoeial organisation it is the
r~i,
proof of the superiority of white men over black men. Mo teaching of
racial pride or encourageMen t of native arts on th® part of the whit*
sian can remove the implication of black inferiority. 11 (1) Bat what
of the s® images when an entire continent is in turmoil?
The realisation is growing that th# way nation# see: each Other is .....
paramount to international rebtions and the future of the world,
"A central que ation In the matter of national attitude and belief is
the way members of any given nation peroeiv# the members of another
Generally the people of one nation harboratereotyped images of
other nation#. .... .Onfell acMSlhaadwa Y la made , in ternational rela tlons
isu at always be in danger of deei#ion based on fantasy^" ( 2 )
As this awareness of the importance of image# is growing, the
"und erdeveloped" c ount r i e a also are growing, break ing out of tradition al
bound a , establ i shlng new ties and relationa. The eourat.of action taken
by these countries will have great impact on the ‘United St&tda, or
#n the world.
Thus, the quality of other countries relationship# with
lure of great importance. own images are central, for
future aetion is greatly de pendent upon this concept of self.
images of peoples of other nations are also central. This ie the purpose
ef my propo*al-«-through study and invastig ationjto gain awareness of
these emerging images and attitudes. - -
Purpose: To investigate ©merging ethnic Images in the three countrie*
other n at i one whieh are exerting major influence in these erees.
These three countrie* represent different phases ii
</
development, with one country long having independence, another
recently hating gained Independence, and the/third being given
independence this year* ^ ^
Method: Within each country, emerging and changing ethnic group images
or stereotypes will be ascertained for jelfH- that ^is , own group— here
the mmm »nd " for others - - other nation* of major influence in
VVo( . , the United States,
these countries! that is
and several^ other countries. TheaeMmag© * will tee examined at
three levels. ■Th e first two le vels embrace i traditional teohnlguea
dev© loped i h the f i elds of Soelsl Psycho logy and Sociology, vhlle
the third level combines techniques devhlopyd"-ibyjB H B | MW l Hfc ^ ia
t
a pioneer stereotype study and further refined in a doetoral study
hy the 'present writer, and the approaches u*ed Wy the group
authorised Wy^H^l^yto study *Tensl ons Af f » o ^
Und t dl. * end also
under the auspices
The content analysis. , 51£»£. n JLl aa<i
image- attitude moaaureg . •
1, Content Inaly si s i This cnvolve » an examination of
representative fowur of the mass media, specifically newspapers
which began publication re oently or since independence. In^
- : ©... ^ Q J ^ /
where there is only one dally newspaper and seTeral weeklies,
an analysis might ha made of each newspaper eoxering representative
periods of tima. In other countries wherethere are from six to
twelve daily papers throughout the country* representative sampling
will be oohdueted. This level of analysis: should reveal images
and attitudes v » v< » therasel yd s and : pa oplaa of other
nations, as presented in the mass media.
2 , Personal Interviews : These will be s truetured interviews
eonduc ted b y the writ er with various leaders In representative
» ^
positions in the countries. This melTof : investigation should
rereal images^ and attitudes held by dp PKMHiftwho will he shaping
the destinies ofI 3 he 3 ej^||^^ ^|iiat ions and their ralationshipa with
other nations of the world.
3 • IMage Che ck-Llst-Att ltude Quest 1 onnalr * r Thi s phase will ^ _
include an extensity t y pe ch ee k list a nd a series of attitudihal
statements, administ ered to re pre stntativ* sarnies from selected —
groups. Included in this tamplingvill he college students, and
members of labor groups, religious groups, government groups, other
large groups, and if^possible, respondents from rural areas. While
large of res pondent s wl l l~bc in volved, the aotuel number
ean he determined only upon actual administration of the questionnaire
within eaeh countryj
The Irak© Check-List. This eon si sts of a series of group
§h araeter trait s ( approxTm at e ly 30 ) * Vi th an ex ten si ty
A*
scale
which permits respondents to determine th# extent towhieh a
particular characteristic is possessed byr various groups,
Ineluding their :©wr|r<Hp. Such traits as "intelligent , bask*
ward * , "hardworking " , "pr ogr e ssir^^snd "pe ace e
he : a'tiljgned percentage wise tcm*MMWMBe 11 . the B^BJtunilUC . the
the "American", the "Ameriean Hegro", end so on.
B,~ The Attitude Jjuestlonnaire . This eoneists of a series
of statements related to various actions which nations wight
take, (An exampla^^ l.An^announcmeht Is received that a country
has begun large saale disarmament. Which country would th is
mos t lik ely be? Least likely be? — the Uni ted State » l 'j0S$&S&S&
..etc, 2. A hospital is being built in your oityitovn).
MedTc'IX' ape ol al 1st s ( Poo tor a , Surge on a etc,) are needed, Prom
f which e oun t r y w oul d y ou i w an t th em t o c owe?- - - th e United "States, .*
/ and so on.) - ~ .
Both the chec k 11 a t and the qu e s 1 1 onn al ra w 1 Illy laid
an ob je c tive me a sure of own- other im age a s well as a me a aurement of
attitude toward own nation end other nations, as held by large
numbers of peoples from various walks of life.
The investigation of emerging and chan ging ethnic images^it the
levels set forth* -from the printed page y from leade rs and Influent ill
persons, and from the people themselves, and within eountrieTlwlth
varying degree s of independence and world relations, should reveal Images
and attitudes with g reat s cope and depth.
' Q
The present study-investi gated stereot y pes held b y Negro college
*
students toward five ethnic groups, as related to variations in the
students' regional background and college yea r status. The dimensions
of direction and extensity receiv ed primar y focus with st ereotype content i
being considered also. Direction referred to the f a vo rabidity or unfavor-
ability of the overall ethnic perception. Extensity referred to the
percent of the ethnic groups p erceived as possessing a characteristic, and
content referred to frequency of trait assignment.
In addition, the study investigated st er eotype persistence. and
respondent resistance to ethnic group generalizing.
The subjects o f the lnve s ti gatldnwere 7 17 rale Negro col lege students,
of Northern and Southern background, who were attending three BorderState,
predominantly Negro universities. The subje ct s also were of freshman
and junior-senior classrstatus.
The question of priraryconcem was whother the different social
patterns of living, and the subsequent differences in ethnic groups in ter
actions, encountered b y Ne g roes who reside in Northern or S outhern regions.
of the country, would be reflected in their ethnic perceptions, the
stereotypes, they held for the American White, the American Negro, the
American Jew, the
d the
The instruments were a check
list and an extensity type measure.
2
The major fjnding s-o f.- the- -investiga Woft^verer There are significant
differences in ethinc stereotypes heLd by Negro college freshmen of different
regional origin, in relation to direction and extensity, L .In general.
Northern Negro college freshire n;ihaye~more fav orable perceptions of the
American '.Jhite, thd^j^^^yand do Sout hern Negro college
freshmen, :
There are no signi fic an t differences in ethnic stere otypes held by
Northern Negro col leg e fre ehtson and seniors who a re atten d ing univers ities —
in Southern regions, in relation to d ir ec tion and extensity, i.;-:-.: i :
There are no sig nificant d i fferences in ethnic stere o typ e s held by
Northern and Southern Negro college seniors who are attending universities
in Southern regions, in relation to direction. In extensity, Southern
seniors tend to hase_a more: favorable perception^ of the Air»rican:Negro7r: .
There are significa nt d if ferences in ethnic stereot ypes held by
Southern Negro college freshmen and seniors who are attending universities ^
in Southern regions, in rel^ien^td^irection and extensity, Southern: ; _
Negro college Raniors h ave more favorable perceptions of all five ethnic
groups.
There are no marked differences in the major components of ethnic
stereotype content among Negro college .'..students of different regional back-
ground and college class status, Minor components of the stereotype tend
to reflect the differences among the students however.
■>
Among Negro coll^-ei-sttadenjt^yrir^lt ; :aSsign»e.nt by a check
technique and by an extensity type measure produces nig lily similar results
in stereotype content and direction.
Among Negro college students, the stereotypes of five, ethnic groups
have not changed with a passage of fifteen years, although, the fade out
tendency is present. However^the stereotype of the i Kas become
more favorable, and the stereotype of the American Negro /tanu3 to indicate
a changing concept pf-the Negro,
‘Among Negro colleg‘e“4tudehts, there is resistance to assigning,
characteris t ics to e thn ic group s. However, the major por t Aon of student s
do not offer resistance to the procedure.
Conclusions
The results of theTinvesbig atlon indicate that while stereotype
content, in
general, is resistive to
regional snd educational differences,
as well as time, the overair tone of the stereotype reflects the. diversities
of the social patterns of living, and the ebhnic group interactions afforded
thdse Negro college students, ^Northern freshmen have developed a warmth
toward ethnic groups which is less highly developed among Southern freshmen,
while Northern and Southern seniors have blended in their perceptions.
Northern seniors have maintained a fairly level perception while the Southern
senior has moved toward the more favorable perceptions of the Northern student.
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